Population The total population of Grenada is estimated at 90,000 in 2005, of which 42.2% live in urban areas. [1] Women represent 47.8% of the total population. [2] The average annual rate of growth of the population fluctuated considerably in the period since 1970, but has generally been within the range of -1% to +1% (Figure 1). Figure 1. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base. http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/ , 14 March 2006. The most recent year for which mortality data from Grenada are available by sex, age and cause of death is 1997. During the period 1995-1997, the estimated (crude) death rates decreased slightly among women and were stable among men (Figure 2). Figure 2. Source: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. (December 2005) http://www.paho.org Socioeconomic context The gross national income per capita (PPP value) was US$7,030 in 2003. [3] Health expenditure Public expenditure on health was 3.1% of gross domestic product in the year 2000, and private expenditure was 3.2% (excluding health insurance). [4] Environmental health Well over 90% of the population has access to improved water sources and to sanitation services (Figure 3). There is very little urban-rural difference in access to either of these services. Figure 3. Source: PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. Education Among the population aged 15 years and over, literacy was 98.0% in 1998 among males as well as females. [5] In 2002-2003, the gross enrollment rate exceeded 100% for women and men at the primary and secondary levels (Figure 4). Figure 4. Source: UNESCO. http://www.uis.unesco.org , 24 January 2006. Political participation Percent of women [6] : - in Parliament (2003) 29% - in ministerial posts (2001) 25% Resources that facilitate initiatives leading to gender equality Commitment to gender equality The facultative protocol for the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) [7] : Yes No - Was signed X   - Was ratified by the legislature X   Abortion policy [8]   Yes No Does the penal code prohibit abortion? X   Are there exceptions: X   - To save the life of the mother X   - To preserve the physical and mental health of the mother X   - In cases of rape or incest   X - Other exceptions   X Health Situation In 2005, life expectancy at birth was 66.3 years for women and 62.7 years for men. [9] According to demographic estimates, there were decreases in life expectancy between 1985 and 2005, especially among women, but increases will again be seen by 2010 (Figure 5). Figure 5. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. International Data Base. http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/ , 14 March 2006. Risk factors [10] The prevalence of tobacco consumption in the population 13-15 years of age was 14% among women and 18% among men (2000). Mortality Age-specific death rates in 1997, due to all causes combined, were higher among males than females in all the age groups except among children under 1 year (Figure 6). Figure 6. Source: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. (December 2005) http://www.paho.org The infant mortality rate was 19.6 per 1,000 live births in 2002. [11] Mortality due to broad groups of causes When mortality in Grenada was considered by cause of death and by age, substantial variability was encountered for the younger age groups. There are two main reasons for this: the low number of total population, and the few deaths occurring at young ages. Often, there were no deaths for specific causes. Because this makes the rates less meaningful, they have been omitted from the material that follows. Among the population 15 to 44 years old, as well as the population 45 to 64 years, in 1997 the male death rate due to external causes was several times greater than the female rate (Figure 7). However, at ages 45 to 64 years the amount of male and female mortality caused by diseases of the circulatory system, and by neoplasms, was far greater than the mortality due to external causes (Figure 7). Figure 7. Source: Based on data from: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. (December 2005) http://www.paho.org Source: Idem. Malignant neoplasms of the digestive organs and peritoneum are an important element within total mortality due to neoplasms. In the age group 45 to 64 years, the male death rate in 1997 due to this cause was 162 per 100,000 and the female rate was 93. Among women, deaths due to malignant neoplasms of this site, together with mortality from malignant neoplasms of uterus (17 per 100,000 women) and breast (51), contributed almost two-thirds of the total mortality due to neoplasms at ages 45 to 64 years. [12] Selected causes of death Ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus are major causes of death among adults 45 years and over, and especially adults 65 years and over. Among women 45 to 64 years old in Grenada, malignant neoplasms of uterus and breast, jointly, caused considerably more mortality than ischemic heart disease in 1997 (Figures 8 and 9). However, among women 65 years and over, diabetes mellitus and cerebrovascular diseases had far greater importance than these two types of malignant neoplasms (Figures 8 and 9). Figure 8. Source: Idem. Source: Idem. Figure 9. Source: Idem. Source: Idem. Accidents, suicide and homicide are all included in the grouping external causes of death. In Grenada, male death rates due to accidents in 1997 were several times greater than the female rates (Figure 10). However, death rates due to suicide and homicide are very small and, at the same time, a considerable amount of the total mortality from external causes was due to Other external causes. Generally, most of the deaths included in this grouping are due to injury, but in circumstances under which it is unknown whether the injuries causing death were accidental or were purposely inflicted. Figure 10. Source: Idem. Sexual and reproductive health In 2004 the total fertility rate in Grenada was 2.4 children per woman. [13] There were no maternal deaths in 2002. [14] During the period 1985-2000, a total of 86 cases of AIDS were reported among men and 33 among women (Figure 11). An additional 4 cases were reported (3 in 1992, 1 in 1993) for which the sex is unavailable, and only the totals are available for cases occurring in 2001 (5 cases) and 2002 (7). For 2003, a total of 12 male cases and 10 female cases were reported. [15] In September 2005 there were 23 people under treatment with antiretroviral drugs; [16] the number of people 15 to 49 years old who need such treatment is unknown. [17] Figure 11. Source: PAHO/AI and National AIDS Program. Access to health services Prenatal care and care at childbirth In 2003, 100% of all births were attended by trained personnel and 99.0% of pregnant women received at least one consultation for prenatal care, provided by a trained health worker. [18] Health personnel Although this topic is an essential element in the analysis of gender-based inequalities related to the participation of women and men in the health sector, the statistics that would allow such analyses are not currently available. [1] PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005.Washington, DC, 2005. [2] Based on: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. http://www.paho.org , 26 January 2006. [3] PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. [4] Ibid. [5] PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. [6] PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. [7] United Nations. Division for the Advancement of Women, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw , 27 March 2006. [8] United Nations. Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc , 27 March 2006. [9] PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. [10] PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. [11] PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. [12] The data in this paragraph are from: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator, http://www.paho.org (December 2005). [13] PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. [14] PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. [15] PAHO/AI and National AIDS Program. [16] Idem. [17] UNAIDS/WHO. [18] PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.