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The total population of Bermuda is estimated at 65,000 in 2005; all live in urban areas. [1] Women represent 50.8% of the total population. [2] It is estimated that, in the year 2004, 16,545 women were 15 to 49 years old, that is, around 50% of the total number of women. [3] According to demographic estimates, between 1975 and 2005 the average annual rate of population growth decreased by one-half, and is expected to continue decreasing (Figure 1).
The most recent year for which mortality data from Bermuda are available by sex, age and cause of death is 1997. During the period 1995-1997 there was a very slight decrease in the estimated (crude) death rates (Figure 2).
The gross national income per capita (PPP value) was US$22,410 in 1997. [4] Public expenditure on health was 4.3% of gross domestic product in 2004 and private expenditure was estimated by the Ministry of Health at 5.2% that same year. [5] Among the population aged 15 years and over, literacy was 98.0% in 1998 among males and 99.0% among females. [6] In 2005, life expectancy at birth was 79.9 years for women and 75.7 years for men. [7] Further increases in life expectancy are predicted, for both sexes, between 2005 and 2010 (Figure 3).
Female age-specific death rates in 1997, due to all causes combined, were higher than male rates among infants under 1 year of age and children 5 to 14 years (Figure 4). There were no infant deaths in 2002. [8]
When mortality in Bermuda is considered by cause of death and by age group, it is found that the death rates for ages under 15 years are mostly zero, due to the low number of total population and to the few, if any, deaths occurring at young ages from any particular cause. These rates have been omitted from the material that follows. Among the population 15 to 44 years old, while mortality in 1997 was low, differences between men and women were especially noticeable with regard to mortality from external causes (Figure 5). By ages 45 to 64 years the death rates for all of the cause groups were much higher, with large differences between men and women (Figure 5).
Mortality due to malignant neoplasms of the digestive organs and peritoneum is usually an important element within total mortality due to neoplasms. In Bermuda, at ages 45 to 64 years the male death rate due to this cause was 75 per 100,000 in 1997, or 24% of total male mortality from neoplasms, while the female rate was 44. Malignant neoplasms of this site, along with uterus (11 per 100,000 women) and breast (48), together accounted for one-half of the total mortality due to neoplasms among women in this age group. [9] Ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus are major causes of death among adults 45 years and over, and especially adults 65 years and over (Figures 6 and 7). In 1997, malignant neoplasms of uterus and breast, combined, caused greater mortality among women than diabetes did in both those age groups (Figure 7).
Accidents, suicide and homicide are all included in the grouping external causes of death . In 1997, these causes of death were, singly and jointly, a much greater problem for men than women (Figure 8).
In 2004 the total fertility rate in Bermuda was 1.9 children per woman. [10] There were no maternal deaths in 2002. [11] A total of 363 male cases and 113 female cases of AIDS were reported from 1982 through 2002; a descending trend is seen since the mid 1990s in the annual number of reported cases (Figure 9). In September 2005 there were 114 people under treatment with antiretroviral drugs; [12] the number of people 15 to 49 years old who need such treatment is unknown. [13]
In 2002, 99.0% of births were attended by trained personnel and 99.0% of pregnant women received at least one consultation for prenatal care, provided by a trained health worker. [14] Although this topic is an essential element in the analysis of gender-based inequalities related to the participation of women and men in the health sector, the statistics that would allow such analyses are not currently available.
[1] PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. [2] Based on: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. http://www.paho.org , 26 January 2006. [3] U.S. Census Bureau. International Data Base. http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/ , 14 March 2006. [4] PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. [5] Ibid. [6] Ibid. [7] PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005 . Washington, DC, 2005. [8] Ibid. [9] The data in this paragraph are from: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator, http://www.paho.org (December 2005). [10] PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. [11] PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005 . Washington, DC, 2005. [12] Ibid. [13] UNAIDS/WHO. [14] PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005 . Washington, DC, 2005. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
