Note to users
WHO data indicate that only a small number of factors related to
food handling are responsible for a large proportion of foodborne disease episodes
everywhere. Common errors include:
- preparation of food several hours prior to consumption, combined with
its storage at temperatures which favour growth of pathogenic bacteria and/or formation of
toxins;
- insufficient cooking or reheating of food to reduce or eliminate
pathogens;
- cross contamination; and
- people with poor personal hygiene handling the food.
The Ten Golden Rules respond to these errors, offering advice that
can reduce the risk that foodborne pathogens will be able to contaminate, to survive or to
multiply.
Despite the universality of these causes, the plurality of cultural
settings means that the rules should be seen as a model for the development of
culture-specific educational remedies.
Users are therefore encouraged to adapt these rules to bring home
messages that are specific to food preparation habits in a given cultural setting. Their
power to change habitual practices will be all the greater.
1. Choose foods processed for safety
While many foods, such as fruits and vegetables, are best in their
natural state, others simply are not safe unless they have been processed. For example,
always buy pasteurized as opposed to raw milk and, if you have the choice, select fresh or
frozen poultry treated with ionizing radiation. When shopping, keep in mind that food
processing was invented to improve safety as well as to prolong shelf-life. Certain foods
eaten raw, such as lettuce, need thorough washing.
2. Cook food thoroughly
Many raw foods, most notable poultry, meats, eggs and unpasteurized
milk, may be contaminated with disease-causing organisms. Thorough cooking will kill the
pathogens, but remember that the temperature of all parts of the food must reach at
least 70 °C. If cooked chicken is still raw near the bone, put it back in the oven until
it's done - all the way through. Frozen meat, fish, and poultry, must be thoroughly thawed
before cooking.
3. Eat Cooked foods immediately
When cooked foods cool to room temperature, microbes begin to
proliferate. The longer the wait, the greater the risk. To be on the safe side, eat cooked
foods just as soon as they come off the heat.
4. Store cooked foods carefully
If you must prepare foods in advance or want to keep leftovers, be
sure to store them under either hot (near or above 60 °C) or cool (near or below 10 °C)
conditions. This rule is of vital importance if you plan to store foods for more than four
or five hours. Foods for infants should preferably not be stored at all. A common
error, responsible for countless cases of foodborne disease, is putting too large a
quantity of warm food in the refrigerator. In an overburdened refrigerator, cooked foods
cannot cool to the core as quickly as they must. When the centre of food remains warm
(above 10 °C) for too long, microbes thrive, quickly proliferating to disease-causing
levels.
5. Reheat cooked foods thoroughly
This is your best protection against microbes that may have
developed during storage (proper storage slows down microbial growth but does not kill the
organisms). Once again, thorough reheating means that all parts of the food must reach at
least 70 °C.
6. Avoid contact between raw foods and cooked foods
Safely cooked food can become contaminated through even the
slightest contact with raw food. This cross-contamination can be direct, as when raw
poultry meat comes into contact with cooked foods. It can also be more subtle. For
example, don't prepare a raw chicken and then use the same unwashed cutting board and
knife to carve the cooked bird. Doing so can reintroduce the disease-causing organisms.
7. Wash hands repeatedly
Wash hands thoroughly before you start preparing food and after
every interruption - especially if you have to change the baby or have been to the toilet.
After preparing raw foods such as fish, meat, or poultry, wash again before you start
handling other foods. And if you have an infection on your hand, be sure to bandage or
cover it before preparing food. Remember, too, that household pets - dogs, cats, birds,
and especially turtles - often harbour dangerous pathogens that can pass from your hands
into food.
8. Keep all kitchen surfaces meticulously clean
Since foods are so easily contaminated, any surface used for food
preparation must be kept absolutely clean. Think of every food scrap, crumb or spot as a
potential reservoir of germs. Cloths that come into contact with dishes and utensils
should be changed frequently and boiled before re-use. Separate cloths for cleaning the
floors also require frequent washing.
9. Protect foods from insects, rodents, and other animals
Animals frequently carry pathogenic microorganisms which cause
foodborne disease. Storing foods in closed containers is your best protection.
10. Use safe water
Safe water is just as important for food preparation as for
drinking. If you have any doubts about the water supply, boil water before adding it to
food or making ice for drinks. Be especially careful with any water used to prepare an
infant's meal.
The World Health Organization regards illness due to contaminated
food as one of the most widespread health problems in the contemporary world. For infants,
immunocompromised people, pregnant women and the elderly, the consequences can be fatal.
Protect your family by following these basic rules. They will reduce the risk of foodborne
disease significantly.
If you have any comments, please send them to FOS by clicking here: foodsafety@who.ch.
