These guidelines aim to address these gaps and limitations. Countries and other end-users have indicated the importance of consolidating WHO’s key population guidance to aid national programme managers and service providers, including those from community-based and community-led programmes, in planning for and implementing services for these populations.

In this new consolidated guidelines document on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations, the World Health Organization brings together all existing guidance relevant to five key populations – men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, people in prisons and other closed settings, sex workers and transgender people – and updates selected guidance and recommendations.

The Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services bring together existing guidance relevant to the provision of HIV testing services (HTS) and addresses issues and elements for effective delivery of HTS that are common in a variety of settings, contexts and diverse populations.

This section presents a method for expanding early warning indicators (EWIs) or indicator monitoring through a random sampling of ART clinics within a country to facilitate scale up of reporting to all clinics in a country over time in a representative fashion. Use of random sampling allows countries to calculate an aggregated national prevalence estimate for each EWI.

This guideline is meant to help countries to more effectively and efficiently plan, develop and monitor programmes and services that promote gender equality and human rights and hence are more acceptable and appropriate for women living with HIV, taking into account the national and local epidemiological context.

These guidelines present several new recommendations, including the recommendation to provide lifelong ART to all children, adolescents and adults, including all pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV, regardless of CD4 cell count. WHO has also expanded earlier recommendations to offer PrEP to selected people at substantial risk of acquiring HIV.

These consolidated guidelines provide guidance on the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the care of people living with HIV and the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the viral hepatitis B and C viruses are blood borne viruses which share modes of transmission, resulting in overlapping at-risk populations. Rates of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection in persons with HIV infection are higher than in the general population with HCV

This document reports on the progress made toward elimination between 2010 and 2015...In 2015, 22 countries and territories in the Region of the Americas reported data compatible with achievement of the goal and targets of HIV MTCT elimination (same number as in 2014), and 20 reported data compatible with elimination of MTCT of syphilis (two more than in 2014). Of these countries and territories, 18 (one more than in 2014) reported data indicating the elimination of MTCT of both HIV and syphilis.

The massive expansion globally of HIV interventions has transformed both the HIV epidemic and the broader public health landscape, demonstrating that the right to health can be realized even in the most trying of circumstances.

[Background]: In 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO), in collaboration with global partners, launched a global initiative for the elimination of congenital syphilis as a public health problem. Congenital syphilis occurs when a pregnant woman with syphilis transmits the infection to her fetus during pregnancy or delivery, also referred to as mother-to-child transmission (MTCT).

The objectives of these guidelines are to provide recommendations outlining a public health approach to managing people presenting with advanced HIV disease, and to provide guidance on the timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all people living with HIV.

Since the release of the consolidated guidelines in 2015, new evidence has emerged. Consequently, in an effort to further support countries, programme managers, health workers and other stakeholders seeking to achieve national and international HIV goals, this 2016 update issues new recommendations and additional guidance on HIV self-testing (HIVST) and assisted HIV partner notification services.

This publication provides guidance on the public health response to pretreatment HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) to non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) among people without prior antiretroviral (ARV) drug exposure or people with prior ARV exposure who are initiating or reinitiating first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART).

This framework is intended to be a brief guide for countries and implementers that are planning, starting or scaling up HIVST implementation. It provides key considerations for: 1) preparing for HIVST; 2) implementing HIVST; 3) monitoring and optimizing HIVST implementation.

The consolidated guidelines will be reviewed comprehensively every two years to incorporate the key clinical, operational and programmatic implications of new science and emerging best practices across populations, age groups and settings.

Nationally representative surveillance of HIVDR in populations initiating a standard triple-drug ART combination is critical to inform the selection of effective first-line ART combinations, as well as adequate pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimens.

This concept note describes methods to assess nationally representative levels of viral load suppression and drug resistance in adults receiving ART through the implementation of a cross-sectional survey.

This concept note describes the methods used to assess the prevalence of any HIVDR and HIVDR by PMTCT exposure among children less than 18 months of age using remnant dried blood spot specimens from early infant diagnosis over a 12-month period.

The purpose of this manual is to provide updated clinical guidelines for TB/HIV, with emphasis on diagnostic aspects, including new techniques, and current treatment, without losing sight of the public health approach. By compiling and consolidating the latest recommendations of the World Health Organization on the subject...