This section presents a method for expanding early warning indicators (EWIs) or indicator monitoring through a random sampling of ART clinics within a country to facilitate scale up of reporting to all clinics in a country over time in a representative fashion. Use of random sampling allows countries to calculate an aggregated national prevalence estimate for each EWI.

This publication provides guidance on the public health response to pretreatment HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) to non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) among people without prior antiretroviral (ARV) drug exposure or people with prior ARV exposure who are initiating or reinitiating first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Nationally representative surveillance of HIVDR in populations initiating a standard triple-drug ART combination is critical to inform the selection of effective first-line ART combinations, as well as adequate pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimens.

This concept note describes methods to assess nationally representative levels of viral load suppression and drug resistance in adults receiving ART through the implementation of a cross-sectional survey.

This concept note describes the methods used to assess the prevalence of any HIVDR and HIVDR by PMTCT exposure among children less than 18 months of age using remnant dried blood spot specimens from early infant diagnosis over a 12-month period.